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Welcome to Dr. Sun's Nanomaterials and Energy Group

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Our research is focused on nanomaterials for clean energy. The scope of research ranges from fundamental science, to applied nanotechnology and to emerging engineering issues - with a unifying theme centered upon development and application of novel nanomaterials for energy systems and devices. Specifically, our research activities are currently concentrated on developing various approaches to synthesize low-dimensional nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, semiconducting and metal nanowires, nanoparticles and thin films as well as exploring their applications as electrochemical electrodes for energy conversion and storage including fuel cells and Li batteries.

1. Controlled Synthesis of Nanostructured Materials

The work on nanostructured synthesis includes three aspects: (i) nano carbon synthesis including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), doped CNTs, graphene and doped grapheme; (ii) nanowires, non-carbon nantubes and core/shell structure; and (iii) thin films and nanocomposites such as atomic layer deposition (ALD). The focus is on the synthesis, characterization, structure and properties of the nanostructures, with special emphasis on the fundamental understanding of their growth mechanisms and structural control.

For CNT work, various chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods have been developed including (i) a floating catalyst CVD method (using a solid hydrocarbon source); (ii) an Ohmically heated and specially designed CVD method (using a gas hydrocarbon source); (iii) an aerosol-assisted CVD method (using a liquid hydrocarbon source); (iv) injection spray CVD method; and (d) a plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD) method. For nanowire work, the approaches we are using include chemical vapor deposition, template and solution-based routes.

Typical papers from our group:

(i) CNTs and Graphene

1. J. Zhou, C. Booker, R. Li, X. Zhou, T.-K. Sham, X. Sun, Z. Ding, An Electrochemical Avenue to Blue Luminescencent Nanocrystals from Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129 (2007) 744-745. (Citation 192 times)
2. H. Liu, Y. Zhang, R. Li, X. Sun, D. Désilets, H. Abou-Rachid, Structural and Morphological Control, Nitrogen Incorporation and Stability of Aligned Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes. Carbon 48 (2010) 1498-1507.
3. J. Liu, H. Liu, Y. Zhang, R. Li, G. Liang, M. Gauthier, X. Sun, Synthesis and Characterization of Phosphorus-nitrogen doped Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes. Carbon 49 (2011) 5014-5021.
4. X. Sun, R. Li, J. Dodelet, S. Désilets, Controlled Synthesis of Pointed Carbon Nanotubes. Carbon 45 (2007) 732-737. (Twenty-five most downloaded articles in 2007)
5. Y. Chen, Y. Zhang, D. Geng, R. Li, H. Hong, J. Chen, and X. Sun, One-pot Synthesis of MnO₂/Graphene/Carbon Nanotube Hybrid by Chemical Method. Carbon 49 (2011) 4434-4442.
6. D. Geng, S. Yang, Y. Zhang, J. Yang, J. Liu, R. Li, T.-K. Sham, X. Sun, S. Ye, S. Knights, Nitrogen Doping Effects on the Structure of Graphene. Appl. Surf. Sci. 257 (2011) 9193-9198.
7. J. Zhou, J. Wang, H. Liu, M. Banis, X. Sun, T.-K. Sham, Imaging Nitrogen in Individual Carbon Nanotubes. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1 (2010) 1709–1713.
8. D. Geng, Y. Hu, Y. Li, R. Li, X. Sun, One-pot Solvothermal Synthesis of Doped Graphene with the Designed Nitrogen Type Used as a Pt Support for Fuel Cells. Electrochem. Commun. 22 (2012) 65-68.
9. M. Ionescu, Y. Zhang, R. Li, H. Abou-Rachid, X. Sun, Nitrogen-doping Effects on the Growth, Structure and Electrical Performance of Carbon Nanotubes Obtained by Spray Pyrolysis Method. Appl. Surf. Sci. 258 (2012) 4563-4568.
10. X. Sun, R. Li, B. Stansfield, J.-P. Dodelet, S. Désilets, 3D Carbon Nanotube Network Based on a Hierarchical Structure Grown on Carbon Paper Backing. Chem. Phys. Lett. 394 (2004) 266-270.

(ii) Nanowires and core/shell structures

1. G. Zhang, S. Sun, R. Li, X. Sun, New Insight into Conventional Replacement Reaction for the Large-scale Synthesis of Various Metal Nanostructures and their Formation Mechanism. Chem. Eur. J. 16 (2010) 10630-10634. (VIP Paper & Cover Page)
2. D. Wang, J. Yang, X. Li, J. Wang, R. Li, M. Cai, T.-K. Sham, X. Sun. Observation of Surface/Defect States of SnO₂ Nanowires on Different Substrates from X-ray Excited Optical Luminescence. Cryst. Growth Des. 12 (2012) 397-402.
3. L. Li, Y. Zhang, X. Fang, T. Zhai, M. Liao, X. Sun, Y. Koide, Y. Bando, D. Golberg, WO₃ Nanowires on Carbon Papers: Electronic Transport, Improved Ultravioletlight Photodetectors and Excellent Field Emitters. J. Mater. Chem. 21 (2011) 6525-6530. (Cover Page)
4. G. Zhang, S. Sun, R. Li, Y. Zhang, X. Sun, Large-scale Aqueous Synthesis of Single-Crystalline Nanoscrolls: the Case of Nickel. Chem. Mater. 22 (2010) 4721–4727.
5. S. Sun, G. Zhang, Y. Zhong, H. Liu, R. Li, X. Zhou, X. Sun, Ultrathin Single Crystal Pt Nanowires Grown on N-doped Carbon Nanotubes. Chem. Commun. 45 (2009) 7048–7050.
6. Y. Zhang, R. Li, X. Zhou, M. Cai, X. Sun, Hierarchical Al₂O₃ Nanowires and Nanobelts: Morphology Control and Growth Mechanism. Cryst. Growth Des. 9 (2009) 4230–4234.
7. Y. Zhang, Y. Chen, H. Liu, Y. Zhou, Y. Li, M. Cai, X. Sun, 3D Hierarchical Structure of Single Crystalline Tungsten Oxide Nanowires: Construction, Phase Transition and Voltammetric Behavior. J. Phys. Chem. C 113 (2009) 1746–1750.
8. Y. Zhang, D. Geng, H. Liu, M. Banis, M. Ionescu; R. Li, M. Cai, X. Sun, Designed Growth and Characterization of Radially Aligned Ti₅Si₃ Nanowire Architectures. J. Phys. Chem. C 115 (2011) 15885-15889.
9. R. Li, X. Sun, X. Zhou, M. Cai, X. Sun, Aligned Heterostructures of Single-crystalline Tin Nanowires Encapsulated in Amorphous Carbon Nanotubes. J. Phys. Chem. C 111 (2007) 9130-9135.
10. Y. Zhong, Y. Zhang, G. Zhang, R. Li, X. Sun, Site-controlled Synthesis and Mechanism of Three-dimensional Mo2S3 Flowers. Appl. Surf. Sci. 263 (2012) 410-415.

(iii) Atomic layer deposition for thin films and composites

1. X. Meng, X.-Q. Yang, X. Sun, Emerging Applications of Atomic Layer Dposition for Lithium-ion Battery Studies. Adv. Mater. 24 (2012) 3589-3615. (Ten most downloaded articles in June)
2. J. Liu, X. Meng, M. Banis, M. Cai, R. Li, X. Sun, Crystallinity-controlled Synthesis of Zirconium Oxide Thin Films on Nitrogen-doped Carbon Nanotubes by Atomic Layer Deposition. J. Phys. Chem. C 116 (2012) 14656-14664.
3. X. Meng, D. Geng, J. Liu, R. Li, X. Sun, Controllable Synthesis of Graphene-based Titanium Dioxide Nanocomposites by Atomic Layer Deposition. Nanotechnology 22 (2011) 165602. (Cover Page, Highlighted by "Nanotechweb")
4. X. Meng, Y. Zhong, Y. Sun, M. N. Banis, R. Li, X. Sun, Nitrogen-doped Carbon Nanotubes Coated by Atomic Layer Deposited SnO₂ with Controlled Morphology and Phase. Carbon 49 (2011) 1133-1144.
5. X. Meng, Y. Zhang, S. Sun, R. Li, X. Sun, Three Growth Modes and Mechanisms for Highly Structure-tunable SnO₂ Nanotube Arrays of Template-directed Atomic Layer Deposition. J. Mater. Chem. 21 (2011) 12321-12330.
6. X. Meng, D. Geng, J. Liu, M. Banis, Y. Zhang, R. Li, X. Sun, Non-Aqueous Approach to Synthesize Amorphous/Crystalline Metal Oxide-Graphene Nanosheet Hybrid Composites. J. Phys. Chem. C 114 (2010) 18330-18337.
7. J. Liu, X. Meng, Y. Hu, M. Banis, D. Geng, M. Cai, R. Li, X. Sun, Controlled Synthesis of Zirconium Oxide on Graphene Nanosheets by Atomic Layer Deposition and its Growth Mechanism. Carbon 52 (2013) 74-82.
8. Y. Chen, J. Wang, X. Meng, Y. Zhong, R. Li, X. Sun, S. Ye, S. Knights, Atomic Deposition Assisted Pt-SnO₂ Hybrid Catalysts on Nitrogen-doped CNTs with Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activities for Low Temperature Fuel Cells. Int. J Hydrogen Energy 36 (2011) 11085-11092.
9. X. Li, X. Meng, J. Liu, D. Geng, Y. Zhang, M. Banis, Y. Li, R. Li, X. Sun, M. Cai, M. Verbrugge, Tin Oxide with Controlled Morphology and Crystallinity by Atomic Layer Deposition onto Graphene Nanosheets for Enhanced Lithium Storage. Adv. Funct. Mater. 22 (2012) 1647-1654. (Highlighted as "Frontispiece")

2. Development of Low-Cost and High-Performance PEM Fuel Cells

High cost and low stability are two main challenges for fuel cells. We are addressing them by developing novel catalysts and catalyst supports for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). We have developed carbon nanostructures (e.g. carbon nanotubes, nitrogen-doped CNTs and graphene) and non-carbon nanostructures (e.g. metal oxide nanowires) as Pt catalyst supports and it was demonstrated that they showed superior performance than commercially-used carbon black as support.

The focus of this research is to fabricate three-dimensional and highly efficient fuel cell electrodes by using advanced nanomaterials such as nanotubes and nanowires synthesized in Dr. Sun’s lab as supports for Pt-based nanoparticle electrocatalysts. It is expected that integrated three-dimensional nanotube- and nanowire-based fuel cell electrodes will be the ideal materials for providing a higher catalytic performance, high catalyst utilization, efficient mass transport, and a longer fuel cell operational life. This innovative research could significantly lower the cost (toward the commercially visible target) and improve the stability of fuel cells, thereby accelerating the fuel cell commercialization process.

Typical papers from our group:

1. S. Sun, G. Zhang, D. Geng, Y. Chen, R. Li, M. Cai, X. Sun, A New Highly Durable Pt Nanocatalyst for PEM Fuel Cells: the Multiarmed Star-like Nanowire Single Crystal. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50 (2011) 422-426. (VIP Paper & Cover Page, Highlighted by "Nature Nanotechnology")
2. D. Geng, Y. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. Li, R. Li, X. Sun, S. Ye, S. Knights, High Oxygen-reduction Activity and Durability of Nitrogen-doped Graphene. Energy Environ. Sci. 4 (2011) 760-764. (Highlighted by "Materials Today", ten most downloaded articles in Feb. 2011)
3. Y. Chen, J. Wang, H. Liu, M. Banis, R. Li, X. Sun, T.-K. Sham, S. Ye, S. Knights, Nitrogen Doping Effects on Carbon Nanotubes and the Origin of the Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activity of Supported Pt for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. J. Phys. Chem. C 115 (2011) 3769-3776.
4. J. Wang, Y. Chen, Y. Zhang, M. Ionescu, R. Li, X. Sun, S. Ye, S. Knights, 3D Boron doped Carbon Nanorods/Carbon-microfiber Hybrid Composites: Synthesis and Applications as Highly Stable Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. J. Mater. Chem. 21 (2011) 18195-18198.
5. S. Sun, G. Zhang, D. Geng, Y. Chen, R. Li, M. Cai, X. Sun, Direct Growth of Single-crystal Pt Nanowires on Sn@CNT Nanocable: 3D Electrodes for Highly Active Electrocatalysts. Chem. Eur. J. 16 (2010) 829-835. (Inside Cover Page)
6. J. Wang, R. Li, Y. Chen, H. Liu, X. Sun, Synthesis of Pd Nanowire Networks by A Simple Template-free and Surfactant-free Method and their Application in Formic Acid Electrooxidation. Electrochem. Commun. 12 (2010) 219-222.
7. Y. Chen, J. Wang, H. Liu, R. Li, X. Sun, S. Ye, S. Knights, Enhanced Stability of Pt Electrocatalysts by Nitrogen Doping in CNTs for PEM Fuel Cells. Electrochem. Commun. 11 (2009) 2071-2076.
8. J. Wang, G. Yin, H. Liu, R. Li, R. Flemming, X. Sun, Carbon Nanotubes Supported Pt-Au Catalysts for Methanol-tolerant Oxygen Reduction Reaction: A Comparison between Pt/Au and PtAu Nanoparticles. J. Power Sources 194 (2009) 668-673.
9. M. Saha, R. Li, X. Sun, S. Ye, S. Knights, 3-D Composite Electrodes of Pt Supported Nitrogen-doped Carbon Nanotubes Grown on Carbon Paper for High Performance PEM Fuel Cells. Electrochem. Commun. 11 (2009) 438–441.
10. M. Saha, R. Li, M. Cai, X. Sun, Nanowire-based 3-D Hierarchical Core/Shell Heterostructured Electrodes for High Performance PEM Fuel Cells. J. Power Sources 185 (2008) 1079-1085.
11. M. Saha, M. Banis, Y. Zhang, R. Li, M. Cai, X. Sun, Tungsten Oxide Nanowires Grown on Carbon Paper as Pt Electrocatalyst Support for High Performance PEM Fuel Cells. J. Power Sources 192 (2009) 330–335.
12. M. Saha, R. Li, X. Sun, High Loading of Pt Nanoparticles on Carbon Nanotubes as Electrodes for PEM Fuel Cells. J. Power Sources 177 (2008) 314-322.
13. M. Saha, R. Li, X. Sun, Composite Electrodes of Pt-Ru Nanoparticles Supported SnO₂ Nanowires Grown on Carbon Paper for Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Methanol. Electrochem. Commun. 9 (2007) 2229-2234.
14. M. Saha, R. Li, M. Cai, X. Sun, High Electrocatalytic Activities of Platinum Nanoparticles on SnO₂ Nanowire-based Electrodes. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 10 (2007) B130-133.
15. X. Sun, R. Li, D. Villers, B. Stansfield, J.-P. Dodelet, S. Désilets, Composite Electrode Made of Pt Nanoparticles Deposited on Carbon Nanotubes Grown on Fuel Cell Backings. Chem. Phys. Lett. 379 (2003) 99-104. (Citation 122 times)

3. Nanostructured Electrodes for Lithium Ion Batteries

Lithium-ion battery (LIB) is one of the most promising power systems because it can offer a higher operative voltage and energy density. Our group got involved in the development of novel nanomaterials as cathodes and anodes for LIB. At cathodes, we focus on understanding and synthesis of LiFePO₄/carbon composites and various coatings on NMC. At anodes, we are working on nanocarbon, Sn- and Si-based nanostructures.

Typical papers from our group:

1. J. Wang, R. Li, X. Sun, Understanding and Recent Development of Carbon Coating on LiFePO₄ Cathode Material for Lithium-ion Batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 5 (2012) 5163-5185. (Top 25 most-read Energy & Environmental Science articles from Q2 2012)
2. X. Meng, X.-Q. Yang, X. Sun, Emerging Applications of Atomic Layer Dposition for Lithium-ion Battery Studies. Adv. Mater. 24 (2012) 3589-3615. (Ten most downloaded articles in June)
3. X. Li, X. Meng, J. Liu, D. Geng, Y. Zhang, M. Banis, Y. Li, R. Li, X. Sun, M. Cai, M. Verbrugge, Tin Oxide with Controlled Morphology and Crystallinity by Atomic Layer Deposition onto Graphene Nanosheets for Enhanced Lithium Storage. Adv. Funct. Mater. 22 (2012) 1647-1654. (Highlighted as "Frontispiece")
4. J. Wang, J. Yang, Y. Zhang, Y. Li, M. N. Banis, X. Li, R. Li, X. Sun, G. Liang, M. Gauthier, Interaction of Carbon Coating on LiFePO₄: Local Visualization Study of the Influence of Impurity Phases. Adv. Funct. Mater. (2013) In press.
5. S. Yang, D. Wang, G. Liang, Y. Yiu, J. Wang, L. Liu, X. Sun, T.-K. Sham, Soft X-ray XANES Studies of Various Phases Related to LiFePO4 Based Cathode Materials. Energy Environ. Sci. 5 (2012) 7007-7016.
6. J. Yang, J. Wang, X. Li, D. Wang, J. Liu, G. Liang, M. Gauthier, Y. Li, R. Li, X. Sun, Hierarchically Porous LiFePO4/Nitrogen-doped Carbon Nanotube Composite for Lithium Ion Batteries Cathodes. J. Mater. Chem. 22(2012) 7537-7543.
7. X. Li, J. Yang, Y. Hu, J. Wang, Y. Li, M. Cai, R. Li, X. Sun, Novel Approach toward Binder-free and Current Collector-free Anode Configuration: Highly Flexible Nanoporous Carbon Nanotube Electrodes with Excellent Mechanical Strength Harvesting Improved Lithium Storage. J. Mater. Chem. 22 (2012) 18847-18853.
8. J. Wang, J. Yang, Y. Tang, R. Li, G. Liang, T.-K. Sham, X. Sun, Surface Aging at Olivine LiFePO₄: a Direct Visual Observation of Iron Dissolution and the Protection Role of Nano-carbon Coating. J. Mater. Chem. A (2013) In press. (Highlighted by "Scienceindex" and "Materialsviews")
9. D. Wang, X. Li, J. Wang, J. Yang, D. Geng, R. Li, M. Cai, T.-K. Sham, X. Sun, Defect-Rich Crystalline SnO₂ Immobilized on Graphene Nanosheets with Enhanced Cycle Performance. J. Phys. Chem. C 116 (2012) 22149-22156.
10. X. Li, D. Geng, Y. Zhang, X. Meng, R. Li, X. Sun, Superior Cycle Stability of Nitrogen-doped Graphene Nanosheets as Anode for Lithium Ion Batteries. Electrochem. Commun. 13 (2011) 822-825. (Ten most downloaded articles from Oct. to Dec. in 2011)
11. X. Li, J. Liu, Y, Zhang, Y. Li, H. Liu, X. Meng, J. Yang, D. Geng, D. Wang, R. Li, X. Sun, High Concentration Nitrogen Doped Carbon Nanotube Anodes with Superior Li⁺ Storage Performance for Lithium Rechargeable Battery Application. J. Power Sources 197 (2012) 238-245.
12. J. Yang, J. Wang, D. Wang, X. Li, D. Geng, G. Liang, M. Gauthier, R. Li, X. Sun, 3D Porous LiFePO₄-graphene Hybrid Electrodes with Enhanced Performance for Li-ion Batteries. J. Power Sources 208 (2012) 340-344.
13. J. Liu, X. Li, J. Yang, D. Geng, Y. Li, D. Wang, R. Li, X. Sun, Microwave-assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nanostructured Spinel Li4Ti5O12 as Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries. Electrochim. Acta 63 (2012) 100-104.
14. X. Li, Y. Zhong, M. Cai, M. P. Balogh, D. Wang, Y. Zhang, R. Li, X. Sun, Tin-alloy Heterostructures Encapsulated in Amorphous Carbon Nanotubes as Hybrid Anodes in Rechargeable Lithium Ion Batteries. Electrochim. Acta 89 (2013) 387-393.

4. Nanostructured Electrodes for Lithium Air Batteries

Li-Air batteries have been attracting much attention due to their extremely high energy density. However, one critical challenge to be addressed is the slow rate of oxygen reduction in the cathode electrode. We addressed the challenge by applying various nanostructured materials (e.g. metal oxides and their composites with carbon nanotubes and graphene) as catalysts in Li-air batteries. The objectives of our research are to develop (i) three-dimensional cathode structure (ii) efficient novel catalysts by synthesizing various nanostructures.

Typical papers from our group:

1. J. Wang, Y. Li, X. Sun, Challenges and Opportunities of Nanostructured Materials for Aprotic Rechargeable Lithium-oxygen Batteries. Nano Energy (2013) in press.
2. Y. Li, J. Wang, X. Li, D. Geng, M. N. Banis, Y. Tang, D. Wang, R. Li, T.-K. Sham, X. Sun, Discharge Product Morphology and Increased Charge Performance of Lithium-oxygen Batteries with Graphene Nanosheet Electrodes: The Effect of Sulphur Doping. J. Mater. Chem. 22 (2012) 20170-20174.
3. Y. Li, J. Wang, X. Li, D. Geng, M. Banis, R. Li, X. Sun, Nitrogen-doped Graphene Nanosheets as Cathode Materials with Excellent Electrocatalytic Activity for High Capacity Lithium-oxygen Batteries. Electrochem. Commun. 18 (2012) 12-15. (Highlighted by "Green Car Congress","New Energy and Fuel" and "Materials Today", ten most downloaded articles from Feb. to May. in 2012)
4. Y. Li, J. Wang, X. Li, J. Liu, D. Geng, J. Yang, R. Li, X. Sun, Nitrogen-doped Carbon Nanotubes as Cathode for Lithium-Air Batteries. Electrochem. Commun. 13 (2011) 668-672. (Highlighted by "Lightbright", "EV-Olution" and "Green Car Congress", ten most downloaded articles from Oct. to Dec. in 2011)
5. Y. Li, J. Wang, X. Li, D. Geng, R. Li, X. Sun, Superior Energy Capacity of Graphene Nanosheets for Nonaqueous Lithium-Oxygen Battery. Chem. Commun. 47 (2011) 9438-9440. (Highlighted by "Green Car Congress" and "Materials Today")


Facilities

Nanomaterials	Fuel Cells	Lithium Batteries

Nanomaterials

1.Synthesis of Nanomaterials

	Microwave-assisted Hydrothermal Oven
	Hydrothermal Oven
	Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) + Sputtering System
	Aerosol-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition
	Injection Chemical Vapor Deposition
	Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition
	Joule-Heating Chemical Vapor Deposition
	Atomic Layer Deposition
	Atomic Layer Deposition
	Ball-milling Machine
	Template-Assisted Device

2.Characterization of Nanomaterials *
		UWO Internal	External

	High-Resolution Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (Hitachi 4800) (with in-situ capability of nanomaterials)	$100/hr	$250/hr
	Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (Hitachi 3400N)	$70/hr	$160/hr
	Transmission Electron Microscopy (Hitachi 7000)	$100/hr	$300/hr
	Research Raman Spectroscopy System (HORIBA Scientific LabRAM HR)	$100/hr	$300/hr
	X-ray Diffraction System (Bruker D8 Advance)


Fuel Cells

	Hot Press for MEA
	Potentiostat/Galvanostat (AutoLab)
	Electrochemical Station (CHI)
	Fuel Cell Test Station


Lithium Batteries

	Glove Box
	Automatic Drawdown Machine
	Potentiostat/Galvanostat/EIS (VMP3)
	Batteries Test Station (Arbin BT2000)
	Batteries Test Station (Arbin BT2000)

* Information for sample analysis please contact: rli65@uwo.ca
** In addition to the instrumentation shown above we also have access to other facilities available (XPS, SIMS, FIB) at the UWO Nanofabrication Laboratory and Surface Science Western.



Funding

Many Thanks...

Welcome to Dr. Sun's Nanomaterials and Energy Group

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Facilities

Funding